Seed plants, also known as spermatophytes, are a diverse group of plants that include gymnosperms (such as conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Here are some characteristics of seed plants:
They reproduce through seeds: Seed plants reproduce sexually, using seeds as the main reproductive structure. The seed consists of an embryo (developing plant) and a nutrient source surrounded by a protective seed coat.
They have vascular tissue: Seed plants have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant, allowing them to grow larger and taller than nonvascular plants.
They have roots, stems, and leaves: Seed plants have well-developed organs for anchoring, supporting, and carrying out photosynthesis. Their roots anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients from the soil, while their stems provide structural support and transport materials between the roots and leaves. Leaves are specialized for photosynthesis, the process by which plants make their own food.
They have separate male and female reproductive structures: Seed plants have separate male and female reproductive structures, which may be on the same plant (monoecious) or on separate plants (dioecious).
They can adapt to diverse environments: Seed plants have evolved to live in a wide range of environments, from deserts to rainforests, and from frozen tundras to tropical islands.
They exhibit alternation of generations: Like all plants, seed plants exhibit an alternation of generations, in which the sporophyte generation produces haploid spores through meiosis, which then develop into the gametophyte generation. The gametophyte generation produces haploid gametes (eggs and sperm), which then fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote that develops into a new sporophyte plant.
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